Unit+5

Unit 5 Works
//Opening and KT //

[[file:Ch 22 The Battle for National Reform.docx]]
//Chapter Questions //

Chapter 21 - The Rise of Progressivism
Progressvism Progressives Progressive Era
 * movements and reforms in the early 20th century -->helped to shape America after the social/political/economic chaos created by industrialization.
 * __a belief of making improvements to society__
 * people working for reform, they took actions towards the changing and reshaping of society, bringing end of injustice, racism.
 * An influential force in American political
 * A period of reforms and movements.

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Issue, Problem(s), Reform Efforts & Accomplishments

 * ~ Problems ||~ Reform Efforts & Accomplishments ||~ Issues ||
 * Concentrated Economic power/ i.e. Trusts || Trusts joined gether-->bigness, consolidation -->harm to society by abusing power || Muckrakers disposed the uglieness and corruption of corporations. Gov controlled banking system and passed Federal Trade Commission Act to regulate corporations. ||
 * Professionalism || ppl w/ little skill could work/run a business (e.g. ppl who could read b.came teachers.) || Pushed more ppl to the professional field-->universities; American Medical Asso; ||
 * Women's rights and opportunities || Kids went to school, many household chores were done by machines --> Women started to look @ the outside world. Many women wanted = rights as men. They played a significant role in other reforms. || Some b.came Prof (physicals, lawyers), others b.came teachers. General Federation of Women's Clubs. Greatly influenced federal laws regarding W's rights; compensation/ child labor. __19th amendment__ - guaranteed W's rights. ||
 * Political Corruption & democratization || benefiting the rich/powerful group of ppl and ignore demands of working class. Gov ignored the crisis America faced. || secret ballot - removed partie's influence on voter's will Municipal Reform-professional ppl gradually replaced elected officials. At state level, initiative, referendum, direct primary, and recall increased the right/power of voters in gov affairs. ||
 * African Americans' rights and opportuniteis || segration, racism continued. Many believed Brooker Washington (self-impr than political gains) || W.E.B. Du Bois led to a new idea - blacks-->full university edu, prof, fight immediately for civil rights, believed could not achieve $ sucess w/out political rights. Formed NAACP. Many suit ruled against gradfather law and segregation. ||
 * Alcohol Use || W were against it, believed led to men's violence, lack of responsiblity, work ethic || created WCTU - W's union agaisnt alcohol. 18th amendment was passed to prohibit alcohol. ||
 * Environmental Conservation and Preservation || dispute formed over using the resources for the public good or preserving all land/resources completely from human destruction. e.g. Hetch Hetchy Controversy || Roosevelt passed conservation policy and put the undeveloped land under national forest system. ||
 * Tariff || barely made any profit for the small business. || Wilson - Underwood-Simmons Tariff-->real competition and decreased the power of trusts. ||
 * Child Labor || Under age children were forced to work in dangerous conditions w/ little or no pay. || Children's Bureau was established, and Child Labor laws (Keating-Owen Act) were passed-->no selling goods made by chidren; tax on those products. ||
 * International Affairs || America wanted to exert political and economic influence on foreign countries--> increase market, set position, etc. Faced revolts and attacks from other coutries || Roosevelt's Corollary - US had the right to intervene its neighbor countries who couldn't stand on their own. Warned Jap of Ame's power; successfully constructed Panamanian canal; intervention in Nicaragua and mexico. ||
 * Immigration || Caused overpopulation; hatred nativist against immigrants for destroying the pure Anglo-Saxon race and making competition for jobs (since immigrants worked at the low wage). Eugenics belief || Unions and city bosses working for the benefit of immigrants (city bosses wanted the vote and supports of these ppl) ||
 * Working Condition || dangerous, long hours, no compensation for injured workers, children were forced to work. || Unions fought for workers' demand-short hours, compensation. Laws were passed to restrict child labor (Children's Bureau, Keating-Owen Act) ||
 * Urban Housing Condition || Tenement-aweful living condition, crowded, no air, sunlight, bathroom, etc || women and other reformers persuaded the government and formed settlement houses-->better living condition ||

Ch 21 - "Top Ten" Terms/Concepts

 * 1) __**Muckrackers**__- Radical journalists known to expose social corruptness, injustice to public They simulated political reform and inspired ppl to take action.
 * 2) **__Professional Reform__**-Protected professionalism from unskilled workers, but most of time excluded women, blacks, and immigrants. Skilled people were able to take advantage of professionalism since the supply ↓, demand↑(few ppl were in the prof field).
 * 3) **__Women's Suffrage__** - the largest reform movement in the progressive era that challenges the traditional gender role and demanded the voting right of women.
 * 4) __**19th amendment -**__ in 1920s, finally guaranteed W’s political rights throughout US. in fact, did nothing than promising Women’s right to vote. Also many black women were excluded from the law. However it was an important step of expanding political rights/justice for W.
 * 5) **__Government corruption__**-Government did not take initiative against monopoly, concentrated power, or social chaos.
 * 6) **__Initiative, Referendum, Direct Primary and Recall (state__**)- Effort to decrease the power of party and give it to the people. Improved quality of elected officials.
 * 7) **__W.E.B. Du Bois__** - He embraced the idea that African Americans should obtain full university edu, prof, and fight immediately for civil rights (no patient waiting). Attacked Washington’s Atlanta Comp b/c ~ believed blacks couldn’t achieve $ success w/out political gains.
 * 8) **__Eugenics/nativism__** – They believed immigration should be restricted by nationality.dangerous unfit, polluting the existing American races. Need to protect pure Anglo-Saxon race from Europ, Hispanics, and Asians.
 * 9) **__18th Amendment__** - Based on the effort of WCTU and Anti-Saloon League, 18th amendment was passed to prohibit the making and selling of alcohol.
 * 10) **__Trusts__** - Most reformers wanted federal govt to decentralize the power of big combinations/consolidation, and create a balance b/t bigness and competition. It emphasized the importance of govt over big corporations in control and regulation.

Ch 22 - "Top Ten" Terms/Concepts

 * 1) __**Roosevelt's Vision of Federal Power:**__ Teddy Roosevelt believed that government should function for the public good. He didn't oppose economic concentration but was aware that it was a threat of abusing power. He wanted government to play the role of regulating corporations.
 * 2) **__Conservation Policy__**: Limited development of undeveloped land by putting then under national forest system. Established government's control of those lands.
 * 3) **__Panic of 1807__**: Banks and stock market crashed. J. P. Morgan relieved the crisis by buying Tennessee Coal and Iron Comapny.
 * 4) William Taft: He became the President in 1909 after the terms of Roosevelt. He couldn't find a balance to please both progressives and conservatives.
 * 5) __**"New Nationalism":**__Roosevelt gave this speech after his return in 1910 in hope to reunite the broken Repub Party. The speech supported his orginial point of views including graduated incom and inheritance tax, compensation, regulation of labor of women and chilren, and enforcement on regulating of corporations.
 * 6) __**Wilson's New Freedom**__: In contrast to Teddy' New Nationalism, which accepted $ concentr but believed in government regulation, Wilson's New Freedom claimed that monopoly was unjust and inefficient and should be destroyed.
 * 7) **__Federal Reserve Act of 1913__**: It was a reform within the banking system which created a paper currency, federal reserve notes. They system was also ran by a National Reserve Board whose members are appointed by the President.
 * 8) **__Roosevelt Corollary__:** In addition to Monroe doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary suggested that US had the right to oppose Europe in Western Hemisphere and to intervene in its neighbors affairs who were unable to maintain orders and national sovereignty.
 * 9) **__Platt Amendment__**: US gave political indepence to Cuba only if it accepted ~, which gave US right to oppose any foreign power intervening Cuba.
 * 10) **__Intervention in Nicaragua__**: Revolution of 1909 in Nicaragua was led by Americans. America later encouraged financial aid and sent troops to Nicaragua to assist the rebels.