Ch+4+notes

** Opening(101) ** MI – in late 1750s, Americans thought being part of British empire was not bad  · $, military protection, political stability  · Affordable tax and British didn’t interfere Americans’ lives MI – in mid-1770, relationship bt Americans and British snapped  · Government restriction from Parliament damaged the rela. Beyond belief  · Led to the American revolution At first, many Americans were happy about their life under the protection of Britain. However in the mid-1770, laws that were passed from Parliament pressured American’s life. Soon the bond between two regions snapped. This was the first step of American Revolution.
 * Chapter 4 – The Empire in Transition **

**KTs + Notes** -Colonial Legislature from the colonies-resist the imperial authority. They work towards the benefit for them home country, like veto, levy taxes, pass laws. || Join or Die  ||  In 1754, the threat from French gathered all delegates from colonies in Albany. Benjamin Franklin proposed. -the plan was to form a colonial federate w/ a president general and legislature, like a small parliament in England. -But Failed || -Americans came to a closer contact wi Brit, some tensions began to show || -__Ohio Valley__ was French territory, but ~ lived there as traders. Then English was expanding towards here. Wi all these competitive groups Ohio Valley bcame a potential battle field. || -disputes over British trading rights in the Spainish colonies created war, and Georgia was founded as the last English colony. || -This was the beginning of F+I war. || - After Fort Necessity, Braddock tried to retake Ohio River, but French and Indian ambush killed him. -shows how weak British were. Almost all the natives allied wi Frech. Even though Iroquois was wi Brit, they feared French and never opposed them in Canada, but they were forced to declare war on French by Brit. || -France-Austia -England-Prussia -Fighting spread to India and Europe. England suffered nothing but frustration || -1785, General james Wolfe captured Quebec. || and gave New Orleans and west of Mississippito Spain. || -war debt, resentment toward Americans bc Americans didn’t help financially. -angry at merchants who sold goods to French. -These factors let England expand authority over America. || -impressments policies built resentment toward Brit -colonial troops viewed themselves as people’s army unlike English soldiers. || -Iroquois life was better, but their fear for French during the war ened the alliance wi Brit quickly. They continued to fight for the control of Ohio river, but the tribes were divided nd outnumbered. || ** Territorial ** argued the land itself could produce limitless amount of profit bc of tax, and the popu it support As a result of territorial annexation of 1763, territory of British was twice the amount. Some argued moving into it will stir up conflict wi natives. Other said left it open will increase hunting and trapping. -who should control the land, bcome separate colonies? || -George Grenville played a major role for later british act to the colonists. || Benefit: 1 allow London to control westward movement of the white settlement -reserve oppor of fur trading for English rather than colonists. -failed at the end, whites continued to push the line of settlement further. || Stopped printing of paper money Add tax on all printed document. The act was effective which helped English wi $, but built up resentment. || Regulator Movement(@NS)  ||  Many colonists 1st were against each other rather than England. Ex, ~ felt they were isolated bc they lived near Indians, so in 1763, they complained colonial tax(not England) and wanted $ to protect themselves against Indians. Colonial gov compromised to avoid bloodshed. || -unity within colonies -affected the whole popu unlike sugar act(lawyer, doctors, printers) -not angry @ the cost, but the fact that this was meant to raise $ for Brit instead of regulating commerce within colonies *if accept this, then Brit will hav permanent control over Americans ||   || -The Marquis of Rockingham succeeded Grenville convinced the king to kill the act, but passed Declaratory Act, Parliament authority over colonies in all cases. || March 5, 1770, workers came to Brit soldiers and picked a fight. A shot was accidentally fired, 5 colonists were killed.
 * Loosening Ties(102) ||  After Glorious revolution and the collapse of the Dominion of New England, English made no seriously effort to control the colonies in the next 70 years, but many colonies still became royal colonies.  ||
 * A tradition of Neglect ||  Growing power of Parliament decreased the power of the king. The colonial administration in London didn’t care much about the colonies. Even the officials in America hired subs to run the office. England began to lose hold of colonies while powerful colonial legislatures rise in power  ||
 * Parliament(102) ||  Power went up after Glorious Revolution. Absolute power over the king. The support were from merchants, landholders. Power divided  ||
 * Colonial gov ||  -Colonial Administration from England was very weak. The leaders were appointed by Parliament. They controlled the royal colonies. Many of them didn’t understand what was going on.
 * The colonies divided ||  Even though the colonies resisted authority of London, they were not close. In fact, colonies were closer to England than they were to each other. But they couldn’t stop trading, road development, and postal service which connected them. Still, they were not cooperative even when under the threat from French and Indians.  ||
 * Albany Plans (103)
 * Struggle For the Continent (103)  ||  In late 1750, a great war (known as 7 years war in Europe, and French and Indian war in America) resulted in British victory which established its supreme position in Europe and colonization in NA.
 * New France + Iroquois Nation ||  France Empire in America threatened English. They both knew the support of natives was crucial. English with better $ offered plentiful goods, but France offered tolerance, so they had a better relationship wi native Americans. However Iroquois natives stepped into the conflict bt French and English.  ||
 * France Empire(104) ||  Contained a large territory. Explorers traveled from Green Bay on La Michigan as far south as the junction of the Arkansas and Mississippi river. The delta of the Mississippi, called Louisiana. It was well secured by forming forts all over the territory. Many natives lived there bc they offered tolerance on the religion and tradition unlike English.  ||
 * Iroquois Confederacy ||  Most powerful native groups(Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondage, and Oneida) had a uneasy relationship wi French and English.
 * Anglo-French Conflicts ||  England and France remained peaceful, but after Glorious Revo, William III, who was the opposed of Louis XIV. Queen Anne from England fought against French and Spain. Anglo-French war lasted for 8 yrs. The treaty of Utrecht ended the conflict in 1713. French territory was given to English.
 * Balance of Power(105) ||  Iroquois sided with Brit. French feared that Brit will intrude their land, so they built new fortresses in the Ohio Valley. English see this as threat, they also built fortresses and make military prep. Tension bt French and Brit increased  ||
 * Virginia ||  1754, governor of ~ sent George Washington into the Ohio Valley and challenge French. He built Fort Necessity near French. But the attack failed, French surrounded Washington until he surrendered.
 * Great War for the Empire ||  F+I war started after the lost of Washington at For Necessity. British was not in a good condition when Braddock attacked Ohio Valley but was defeated. Fear grew within Iroquois towards French. Then War began wi French allied wi Austria and England allied wi Prussia. Britain stepped up under the lead of William Pitt. He enforced the law in all aspects on the colonists, who resented him. Peace of Paris brought things to an end and land to English. But the consequences were severe for English, colonists, as well as the Indians.  ||
 * 1st phase of the struggle ||  -began wi Fort Necessity to expansion of the war to Europe in 1756
 * 2nd ||  -began 1756 when F + E formally opened conflict( 7 yrs war )
 * William Pitt(106) ||  After the defeat of Braddock. The English secretary of state took charge in North America under British control. He appointed military leaders, issued orders. Americans resented the idea and firmly resisted which bring the war effort to a halt. He then relaxed the polices and returned control over military recruitment to colonial government. Soon, the enlistment increased.  ||
 * 3rd (107) ||  Started when Pitt relaxed policies. Then French had always been outnumbered by Bri colonists. After 1765, they suffered poor harvest and couldn’t sustain military successes.
 * Peace of paris(107) ||  Signed in 1763 . French gave up mostof their west Indian islands and most of their colonies in India, Canada, and other French terriotory along East Mississippi besides to Britain.
 * Result for English ||  -power over England and America
 * Result for Americans ||  -1st time acting towards a common foe.
 * Result for Indians ||  -Indians allied wi French-harsh life.
 * New Imperialism(107) ||  England found themselves in peace. But the war debt and expansion in America increased English contact wi the colonies.  ||
 * Burdens of Empire(108) ||   ||
 * Commercial vs Territorial Imperialists(109) ||  Problem of managing land split the nation into ~. **Commercial imp** viewed that colonies depended on trading. They wanted to return Canada in exchange of Guadeloupe, most commercial place(sugar)
 * War debt ||  Debt from war made gov increase what was a already high tax for English. Then some suggested that Americans due to their lack of war effort, should help English wi the $. Impose a new system of control on them.  ||
 * George III ||  While England was experiencing debt, ~ claimed throne, and he bcame active on helping the nation. But he had a mental health issue which led the nation to stability.
 * The British and the Tribes ||   ||
 * Proclamation of 1763(110) ||  To prevent conflict wi native in Ohio Valley, British passed this so no settlers cn come beyond Appalachian Mountains.
 * Colonial Response (110) ||  Grenville ministry increased power over colonial assemblies by sending troops to America, search for smuggling, and no more substitutes. Many Acts were passed to show dominant power and to help nation’s debt. Many revolts happened to resist taxation. Colonies met both $ and political depression.  ||
 * Sugar Act of 1764, Currency Act of 1764, and stamp act of 1765 ||  Eliminate illegal sugar trade
 * Paxton Boys(112)
 * Postwar Depression(113) $$$ ||  Ppl suffered from restraints on commerce and trade, and taxation., abolition of paper $ which helped them to pay loans. British gov1st helped colonies financially, then they took $ out. Colonists worried it would cuz permanent $ damage.  ||
 * Political consequences ||  Worst to colonists. Ppl were used to self governing. Which the British challenged. It was a movement for American resisted imperial policies and protect d liberties.  ||
 * Stirrings of Revolt(113) ||  The war helped Americans to realize their importance and that they were able to protect themselves. British thought they had to increase control over colonies and use it as a great resource for $.  ||
 * The Stamp Act Crisis ||   ||
 * effect || -resentment from America
 * colonies take into action(114) || * -Virginia resolves/ henry-taxed only by their own repre.
 * MA/James Otis made a Stamp Act Congress
 * sons of liberties-terrorized stamp agents,(Hutchinson) ||
 * Parliament Response || crisis was subsided not bc colonial assemblies, but $ pressure bc boycott, colonists stopped buyin goods forced British merchants to tell Parliament to repeal the act.
 * The Townshend program(115) ||  ||
 * Mutiny Act(or Quatering) || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-states colonists to provide space and supplies for Brit soldiers in America
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Brit felt fair since the soldiers were there to protect Americans
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">colonists-another assault on liberties-taxation wiout repre
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">internal, ex tax(lead, paint, etc) ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">colonial Boycotts(116) || * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">merchants smuggled. In 1768, merchants from Philadelphia and NY joined and boycotted rit goods under Townshend's tax. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the boston Massacre || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1st, resentment continued growing esp when brit soldiers compete the jobs wi colonists.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">***ppl who didn't know the truth blamed the whole thing on Brit soldiers.** || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">-3 elements monarchy, aristocracy, and the common ppl. Like the 3 branches, each branch looks out for the other branch. || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Actual-someone actually from the colonists, and he has a say in the parliament || -local merchants were angry, many responded by boycotting ||  || General Gage found out the news and he went to arrest Sam Adams and John hancock. When he realize the that Americans had privately kept gun powder, he started to go to ~. The first shot fired the beginning of American Revolution. ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Enland's Balanced Constitution || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ideology: human-greedy, gov suppose to protect each one from another. But since gov is ran by corrupted ppl, ppl needed to control each other's power
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Virtual vs Actual Repre(118) || <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Virtual-parliament represents the consent of the colonists, not what they wanted
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Tea Act of 1733(119) || Britain's East India Company was about to run out of business. ~ was passed in order to save the company by giving it the right to export goods directly to colonies wiout paying the fee of navigation acts.
 * Boston Tea Party || * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">dec 16, 1773, men dressed as Mohawks went to the three British ships and threw the tea tinto the harbor. Bostonian refused to pay for the property they ruined.
 * Parliament passed coercive acts(intolerable act) and closed harbor for punishment ||
 * 1st continental congress || delegates from all the thirteen colonies except Georgia showed up in sep 1774 @ philadelphia. 5 pts:
 * rejected of being a union under Brit
 * wrote a pg of all the complaints
 * resolution(prep against Brit)
 * agreed to stop all trade wi brit
 * talked about next meeting(where American should go) ||
 * Lexington and Concord (123) || colonists were preparing the fight @ Lexington and Concord (weapons, minutemen)

AP US History Chapter 4 Questions

1) What was the philosophy of revolt that emerged in the colonies? How much of the colonial uproar was economic and how much was political?   After the French and Indian War, English learned that they had been neglecting the colonies. They increased the power over colonial assemblies and established solid Grenville policies towards colonists. English owed a great debt due to the war effort. They believed Americans were responsible since they were protecting American’s land. They passed sugar act, Stamp act to tax Americans. Many resisted the taxation and reacted in revolt. Others thought Proclamation of 1763 limited the settlement of whites which prevent trading further down the Ohio River. Merchants were not making enough profit. The basic philosophy was that “no taxation without representation” The Boston Tea Party was both economic and political. This apparent revolt destroyed a large amount of money for the Britain. The attack showed how firmly the Americans were toward the idea of no taxing if they were not going to have their own representatives. Resistance against Grenville policies openly showed the idea of self-governing. Americans believed English had no right to tax them. They could govern themselves, and choose leaders. Sons of liberty attacked pro-British aristocrats. This uproar was politically to show their determination;

2) Identify, explain and analyze the three most important events that led to strong colonial desires for revolution.   Stamp Act Crisis was an important factor that led to strong colonial desires for revolution. The Stamp Act didn’t just affect merchants but all Americans. Most importantly, the higher class was affected negatively the most. Lawyers, doctors, and printers had to buy stamps for their document and publications. The cost of the stamps was not the major issue, but they used to raise tax to regulate economy, not to raise money for the war debt that Britain owed. Another major factor was the Townshend Act. The British soldiers were stationed in North America to protect Americans. Townshend Act included providing home and money for the soldiers. Having the soldiers at their home was a attack on their liberty. The last major factor was Boston Massacre. The British soldiers reminded the colonists of the harsh treatment from British. Many British was poorly paid and they often compete jobs with local resident because they worked for a cheaper wage. The tragedy at Boston massacre was a mistake, but some colonists made it so big which made angered colonists very much.

3) From 1607 through 1774, to what extent was British rule of its American colonies mismanaged, corrupt, and counterproductive to the purposes of colonization?   Many unfair acts were passed. Americans were angry at the idea of no taxation without a representation. However, British considered Parliament as their representation just like how Parliament represented colonies in Ireland. Even though no representative in Parliament was from America, but British considered Americans like citizens that lived in Britain.